Fascial Spaces of the Palm-Fascial Spaces of the Palm and Infection -Pulp Space of the Fingers--Pulp-Space Infection (Felon)

Fascial Spaces of the Palm

Normally, the fascial spaces of the palm are potential spaces filled with loose connective tissue. Their boundaries are important clinically because they may limit the spread of infection in the palm.

The triangular palmar aponeurosis fans out from the lower border of the flexor retinaculum. From its medial border, a fibrous septum passes backward and is attached to the anterior border of the 5th metacarpal bone. Medial to this septum is a fascial compartment containing the three hypothenar muscles; this compartment is unimportant clinically. From the lateral border of the palmar aponeurosis, a second fibrous septum passes obliquely backward to the anterior border of the third metacarpal bone. Usually, the septum passes between the long flexor tendons of the index and middle fingers. This second septum divides the palm into the thenar space, which lies lateral to the septum (and must not be confused with the fascial compartment containing the thenar muscles), and the midpalmar space, which lies medial to the septum. Proximally, the thenar and midpalmar spaces are closed off from the forearm by the walls of the carpal tunnel. Distally, the two spaces are continuous with the appropriate lumbrical canals .

The thenar space contains the first lumbrical muscle and lies posterior to the long flexor tendons to the index finger and in front of the adductor pollicis muscle

The midpalmar space contains the 2nd, 3rd, and 4th lumbrical muscles and lies posterior to the long flexor tendons to the middle, ring, and little fingers. It lies in front of the interossei and the third, fourth, and fifth metacarpal bones.

The lumbrical canal is a potential space surrounding the tendon of each lumbrical muscle and is normally filled with connective tissue. Proximally, it is continuous with one of the palmar spaces

Fascial Spaces of the Palm and Infection

The fascial spaces of the palm are clinically important because they can become infected and distended with pus as a result of the spread of infection in acute suppurative tenosynovitis; rarely, they can become infected after penetrating wounds such as falling on a dirty nail.

Pulp Space of the Fingers

The deep fascia of the pulp of each finger fuses with the periosteum of the terminal phalanx just distal to the insertion of the long flexor tendons and closes off a fascial compartment known as the pulp space . Each pulp space is subdivided by the presence of numerous septa, which pass from the deep fascia to the periosteum. Through the pulp space, which is filled with fat, runs the terminal branch of the digital artery that supplie the diaphysis of the terminal phalanx. The epiphysis of the distal phalanx receives its blood supply proximal to the pulp space.

Pulp-Space Infection (Felon)

The pulp space of the fingers is a closed fascial compartment situated in front of the terminal phalanx of each finger. Infection of such a space is common and serious, occurring most often in the thumb and index finger. Bacteria are usually introduced into the space by pinpricks or sewing needles.

Because each space is subdivided into numerous smaller compartments by fibrous septa, it is easily understood that the accumulation of inflammatory exudate within these compartments causes the pressure in the pulp space to quickly rise. If the infection is left without decompression, infection of the terminal phalanx can occur. In children, the blood supply to the diaphysis of the phalanx passes through the pulp space, and pressure on the blood vessels could result in necrosis of the diaphysis. The proximally located epiphysis of this bone is saved because it receives its arterial supply just proximal to the pulp space.

The close relationship of the proximal end of the pulp space to the digital synovial sheath accounts for the involvement of the sheath in the infectious process when the pulpspace infection has been neglected.

 

Flexor and Extensor Retinacula-Flexor Retinaculum-Extensor Retinaculum-Carpal Tunnel-Absent Palmaris Longus-Contents of the Anterior Fascial Compartment of the Forearm-

Flexor and Extensor Retinacula

The flexor and extensor retinacula are strong bands of deep fascia that hold the long flexor and extensor tendons in position at the wrist.

Flexor Retinaculum

The flexor retinaculum is a thickening of deep fascia that holds the long flexor tendons in position at the wrist. It stretches across the front of the wrist and converts the concave anterior surface of the hand into an osteofascial tunnel, the carpal tunnel, for the passage of the median nerve and the flexor tendons of the thumb and fingers.

It is attached medially to the pisiform bone and the hook of the hamate and laterally to the tubercle of the scaphoid and the trapezium bones. The attachment to the trapezium consists of superficial and deep parts and forms a synoviallined tunnel for passage of the tendon of the flexor carpi radialis.

The upper border of the retinaculum corresponds to the distal transverse skin crease in front of the wrist and is continuous with the deep fascia of the forearm. The lower border is attached to the palmar aponeurosis

Extensor Retinaculum

The extensor retinaculum is a thickening of deep fascia that stretches across the back of the wrist and holds the long extensor tendons in position. It converts the grooves on the posterior surface of the distal ends of the radius and ulna into six separate tunnels for the passage of the long extensor tendons. Each tunnel is lined with a synovial sheath, which extends above and below the retinaculum on the tendons. The tunnels are separated from one another by fibrous septa that pass from the deep surface of the retinaculum to the bones.

The retinaculum is attached medially to the pisiform bone and the hook of the hamate and laterally to the distal end of the radius.



The upper and lower borders of the retinaculum are continuous with the deep fascia of the forearm and hand, respectively.

Carpal Tunnel

The bones of the hand and the flexor retinaculum form the carpal tunnel. The median nerve lies in a restricted space between the tendons of the flexor digitorum superficialis and the flexor carpi radialis muscles.

Absent Palmaris Longus

The palmaris longus muscle may be absent on one or both sides of the forearm in about 10% of persons. Others show variation in form, such as centrally or distally placed muscle belly in the place of a proximal one. Because the muscle is relatively weak, its absence produces no disability.

Contents of the Anterior Fascial Compartment of the Forearm

■■ Muscles: A superficial group, consisting of the pronator teres, the flexor carpi radialis, the palmaris longus, and the flexor carpi ulnaris; an intermediate group consisting of the flexor digitorum superficialis; and a deep group consisting of the flexor pollicis longus, the flexor digitorum profundus, and the pronator quadratus

■■ Blood supply to the muscles: Ulnar and radial arteries

■■ Nerve supply to the muscles: All the muscles are supplied by the median nerve and its branches, except the flexor carpi ulnaris and the medial part of the flexor digitorum profundus, which are supplied by the ulnar nerve.

Fascial Compartments of the Upper Arm-Contents of the Anterior Fascial Compartment of the Upper Arm-Muscles of the Anterior Fascial Compartment-Lymphangitis-Lymphadenitis-Biceps Brachii and Osteoarthritis of the Shoulder Joint-

Fascial Compartments of the Upper Arm

The upper arm is enclosed in a sheath of deep fascia. Two fascial septa, one on the medial side and one on the lateral side, extend from this sheath and are attached to the medial and lateral supracondylar ridges of the humerus, respectively. By this means, the upper arm is divided into an anterior and a posterior fascial compartment, each having its muscles, nerves, and arteries.

Contents of the Anterior Fascial Compartment of the Upper Arm

■■ Muscles: Biceps brachii, coracobrachialis, and brachialis

■■ Blood supply: Brachial artery

■■ Nerve supply to the muscles: Musculocutaneous nerve

■■ Structures passing through the compartment: Musculocutaneous, median, and ulnar nerves; brachial artery and basilic vein. The radial nerve is present in the lower part of the compartment.

Muscles of the Anterior Fascial Compartment

The muscles of the anterior fascial compartment ,Note that the biceps brachii is a powerful supinator, and this action is made use of in twisting the corkscrew into the cork or driving the screw into wood with a screwdriver. The biceps also is a powerful flexor of the elbow joint and a weak flexor of the shoulder joint.

 

Lymphangitis

Infection of the lymph vessels (lymphangitis) of the arm is common. Red streaks along the course of the lymph vessels are characteristic of the condition. The lymph vessels from the thumb and index finger and the lateral part of the hand follow the cephalic vein to the infraclavicular group of axillary nodes; those from the middle, ring, and little fingers and from the medial part of the hand follow the basilic vein to the supratrochlear node, which lies in the superficial fascia just above the medial epicondyle of the humerus, and thence to the lateral group of axillary nodes.

Lymphadenitis

Once the infection reaches the lymph nodes, they become enlarged and tender, a condition known as lymphadenitis.

Most of the lymph vessels from the fingers and palm pass to the dorsum of the hand before passing up into the forearm. This explains the frequency of inflammatory edema, or even abscess formation, which may occur on the dorsum of the hand after infection of the fingers or palm.

Biceps Brachii and Osteoarthritis of the Shoulder Joint

The tendon of the long head of biceps is attached to the supraglenoid tubercle within the shoulder joint. Advanced osteoarthritic changes in the joint can lead to erosion and fraying of the tendon by osteophytic outgrowths, and rupture of the tendon can occur.