Rib
and Costal Cartilage Identification
When one is examining the chest from in front, the sternal angle
is an important landmark. Its position can easily be felt and often be seen by
the presence of a transverse ridge. The finger moved to the right or to the
left passes directly onto the second costal cartilage and then the 2nd rib. All
other ribs can be counted from this point. The 12th rib can usually be felt
from behind, but in some obese persons this may prove difficult
Pleural
Reflections
It is hardly necessary to emphasize the importance of knowing the surface markings of thepleural reflections and the lobes of the lungs. When listening to the breath sounds of the respiratory tract, it should be possible to have a mental image of the structures that lie beneath the stethoscope. The cervical dome of the pleura and the apex of the lungs extend up into the neck so that at their highest point they lie about 1 in. (2.5 cm) above the clavicle. Consequently, they are vulnerable to stab wounds in the root of the neck or to damage by an anesthetist’s needle when a nerve block of the lower trunk of the brachial plexus is being performed.
It is hardly necessary to emphasize the importance of knowing the surface markings of thepleural reflections and the lobes of the lungs. When listening to the breath sounds of the respiratory tract, it should be possible to have a mental image of the structures that lie beneath the stethoscope. The cervical dome of the pleura and the apex of the lungs extend up into the neck so that at their highest point they lie about 1 in. (2.5 cm) above the clavicle. Consequently, they are vulnerable to stab wounds in the root of the neck or to damage by an anesthetist’s needle when a nerve block of the lower trunk of the brachial plexus is being performed.
Remember also that the lower limit of the pleural
reflection, as seen from the back, may be damaged during a nephrectomy. The
pleura crosses the 12th rib and may be damaged during removal of the kidney
through an incision in the loin
.
Position and Enlargement of the Heart
.
Position and Enlargement of the Heart
The surface markings of the heart and the position of the
apex beat may enable a physician to determine whether the heart has shifted its
position in relation to the chest wall or whether the heart is enlarged by
disease. The apex beat can often be seen and almost always can be felt. The
position of the margins of the heart can be determined by percussion.
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