Sunday, 19 June 2016

Kidneys-Renal Mobility-Kidney Trauma-Kidney Tumors-Renal Pain-Transplanted Kidneys-

Kidneys
The kidneys function is to excrete most of the waste products of metabolism. alsoThey play a major role in controlling the water and electrolyte balance within the body and in maintaining the acid–base balance of the blood. The waste products leave the kidneys as urine, which passes down the ureters to the urinary bladder, located within the pelvis. The urine leaves the body in the urethra.
The kidneys are reddish brown and lie behind the peritoneum high up on the posterior abdominal wall on either side of the vertebral column; they are largely under cover of the costal margin.
The right kidney lies slightly lower than the left kidney because of the large size of the right lobe of the liver. With contraction of the diaphragm during respiration, both kidneys move downward in a vertical direction by as much as 1 in. (2.5 cm). On the medial concave border of each kidney is a vertical slit that is bounded by thick lips of renal substance and is called the hilum. The hilum extends into a large cavity called the renal sinus. The hilum transmits, from the front backward, the renal vein, two branches of the renal artery, the ureter, and the third branch of the renal artery (VAUA). Lymph vessels and sympathetic fibers also pass through the hilum

Renal Mobility
The kidneys are maintained in their normal position by intraabdominal pressure and by their connections with the perirenal fat and renal fascia. Each kidney moves slightly with respiration. The right kidney lies at a slightly lower level than the left kidney, and the lower pole may be palpated in the right lumbar region at the end of deep inspiration in a person with poorly developed abdominal musculature. Should the amount of perirenal fat be reduced, the mobility of the kidney may become excessive and produce symptoms of renal colic caused by kinking of the ureter. Excessive mobility of the kidney leaves the suprarenal gland undisturbed because the latter occupies a separate compartment in the renal fascia.


Kidney Trauma
The kidneys are well protected by the lower ribs, the lumbar muscles, and the vertebral column. However, a severe blunt injury applied to the abdomen may crush the kidney against the last rib and the vertebral column. Depending on the severity of the blow, the injury varies from a mild bruising to a complete laceration of the organ. Penetrating injuries are usually caused by stab wounds or gunshot wounds and often involve other viscera. Because 25% of the cardiac outflow passes through the kidneys, renal injury can result in rapid blood loss


Kidney Tumors
Malignant tumors of the kidney have a strong tendency to spread along the renal vein. The left renal vein receives the left testicular vein in the male, and this may rarely become blocked, producing left-sided varicocele.

Renal Pain
Renal pain varies from a dull ache to a severe pain in the flank that may radiate downward into the lower abdomen. Renal pain can result from stretching of the kidney capsule or spasm of the smooth muscle in the renal pelvis. The afferent nerve fibers pass through the renal plexus around the renal artery and ascend to the spinal cord through the lowest splanchnic nerve in the thorax and the sympathetic trunk. They enter the spinal cord at the level of T12. Pain is commonly referred along the distribution of the subcostal nerve (T12) to the flank and the anterior abdominal wall.

Transplanted Kidneys
The iliac fossa on the posterior abdominal wall is the usual site chosen for transplantation of the kidney. The fossa is exposed through an incision in the anterior abdominal wall just above the inguinal ligament. The iliac fossa in front of the iliacus muscle is approached retroperitoneally. The kidney is positioned and the vascular anastomosis constructed. The renal artery is anastomosed end to end to the internal iliac artery and the renal vein is anastomosed end to side to the external iliac vein. Anastomosis of the branches of the internal iliac arteries on the two sides is sufficient so that the pelvic viscera on the side of the renal arterial anastomosis are not at risk. Ureterocystostomy is then performed by opening the bladder and providing a wide entrance of the ureter through the bladder wall.
























































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